Stress: Causes Of Stress, What Stress Does To The Body, And Prevention Of Stress

Stress is an inevitable part of our lives. From everyday challenges to significant life events, we encounter stress in various forms. However, understanding stress, its causes, the stress diathesis model, and what stress does to the body is essential for managing it effectively and maintaining our well-being. In this blog post, we will explore the concept of stress, its effects on the body, and practical tips to cope with stress.

Stress can be defined as the body’s response to external demands or pressures, known as stressors. When we perceive a situation as demanding or threatening, our bodies trigger a complex response system that prepares us to take action. This response, known as the “fight or flight” response, involves the release of stress hormones, increased heart rate, heightened alertness, and other physiological changes (1).

Types Of Stress

Categorically, there are two major kinds of stress, acute stress, and chronic stress.

Acute Stress

Acute stress is the most common type and is usually short-term. It occurs in response to immediate challenges or threats, such as an upcoming deadline or a sudden event. Acute stress can be beneficial in small doses, as it may increase focus and motivation. However, prolonged exposure to acute stress can lead to negative effects on health and well-being.

Chronic Stress

Chronic stress is long-term stress that persists over an extended period. It often results from ongoing, repetitive situations, such as financial difficulties, relationship problems, or job-related stress. Chronic stress can have severe consequences on physical and mental health, including increased risk of heart disease, depression, anxiety, and weakened immune systems (2).

The Stress Diathesis Model

The stress-diathesis model proposes that the development of mental health disorders results from the interaction between environmental stressors and an individual’s underlying vulnerability or predisposition. The model suggests that individuals with a higher diathesis or vulnerability level are more susceptible to the effects of stress, increasing their risk of developing psychological distress or disorders.

Components Of The Stress-Diathesis Model

The following are the components of the stress diathesis:

Stress: Stress refers to external events or circumstances that exert pressure on an individual’s adaptive capabilities. These stressors can be of various types, such as acute life events (e.g., loss of a loved one, job changes), chronic stress (e.g., ongoing work demands, financial difficulties), or daily hassles (e.g., traffic, conflicts).

Diathesis: Diathesis refers to an individual’s underlying vulnerability or predisposition to developing mental health disorders. Diathesis factors can include genetic predispositions, early life experiences, personality traits, biological factors, and social factors. These factors interact and contribute to an individual’s susceptibility to stress-related difficulties.

Interaction: According to the stress-diathesis model, the impact of stress on mental health outcomes depends on the interaction between stress and diathesis. Individuals with a higher diathesis level may be more likely to experience adverse psychological outcomes when exposed to stressors, while those with a lower diathesis level may exhibit greater resilience.

Implications Of The Stress-Diathesis Model

Risk Assessment: The stress-diathesis model highlights the importance of conducting comprehensive risk assessments for mental health disorders. By evaluating an individual’s diathesis level and considering their exposure to stressful life events, mental health professionals can better identify individuals at higher risk and tailor interventions accordingly.

Prevention and Early Intervention: Understanding the stress-diathesis model can inform preventive strategies and early intervention efforts. By identifying and addressing diathesis factors and providing stress management techniques, individuals can build resilience and reduce their susceptibility to stress-related mental health problems.

Treatment Planning: The stress-diathesis model also guides treatment planning for individuals with mental health disorders. Therapeutic interventions may focus on both reducing stress levels and addressing underlying diathesis factors. This integrated approach promotes a comprehensive understanding of the individual’s unique vulnerabilities and stressors (3,4).

Causes Of Stress

Stress has become an unavoidable aspect of modern life, affecting people of all ages and backgrounds. It is crucial to identify and understand the causes of stress to effectively manage its impact on our physical and mental well-being. In this section, we will explore some common causes of stress, shedding light on the factors that contribute to its prevalence which further explains some reasons behind what stress does to the body.

Some of the causes of stress are:

Work-related Stress

Work-related stress is one of the leading causes of stress in today’s society. Factors such as heavy workloads, tight deadlines, long hours, and conflicts with colleagues or superiors can create a high-pressure environment. Uncertainty about job security and career progression can also contribute to increased stress levels.

Financial Pressures

Financial concerns and insecurities can significantly impact our stress levels. The fear of not meeting financial obligations, struggling with debt, or facing job loss can create immense stress and anxiety. The constant pressure to maintain a certain standard of living and provide for ourselves and our families can be overwhelming.

Relationship Challenges

Relationships, whether with family, friends, or romantic partners, can sometimes be a source of stress. Conflicts, misunderstandings, and strained communication patterns can create emotional distress. Balancing personal and professional commitments, meeting expectations, and managing conflicts within relationships can all contribute to elevated stress levels.

Life Transitions and Events

Life transitions, such as moving to a new city, starting or ending a relationship, or experiencing the loss of a loved one, can trigger significant stress. Adjusting to change, coping with uncertainty, and managing the emotional impact of major life events can be challenging and overwhelming (5).

Health Issues

Health concerns, whether personal or affecting a loved one, can generate considerable stress. Dealing with chronic illnesses, managing medical treatments, or worrying about the well-being of oneself or others can take a toll on mental and emotional well-being. Most times, stress on the heart is traceable to health issues as its underlying etiology.

Academic Pressure

Students, in particular, face stress related to academic performance and the pressure to excel. Deadlines, exams, and the expectation to maintain high grades can create a demanding and stressful environment.

Overwhelming Responsibilities

Feeling overwhelmed by multiple responsibilities and commitments can contribute to chronic stress. Balancing work, family obligations, social engagements, and personal aspirations can leave individuals feeling stretched thin and struggling to find a healthy work-life balance (6).

What Stress Does To The Body: Effects Of Stress On Different Body And Its Management

The effect of stress on the different parts of the body cannot be overemphasized as it affects practically every part of the body right from the central nervous system to the integumentary system.

The following are the effects of stress on the different parts of the human body:

Stress on the heart

When we experience stress, our body enters a state of heightened alertness, triggering the release of stress hormones such as cortisol and adrenaline. These hormones increase heart rate, elevate blood pressure, and constrict blood vessels. While this response is helpful in acute situations, prolonged exposure to stress can lead to chronic elevation of these physiological responses, placing an excessive burden on the heart.

One of the key effects of chronic stress on the heart is an increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. Studies have shown that individuals who experience chronic stress are more likely to develop conditions such as hypertension, coronary artery disease, and even heart attacks. The constant activation of the stress response can contribute to the buildup of plaque in the arteries, leading to atherosclerosis and reduced blood flow to the heart.

It is crucial to note that the effects of stress on the heart are not solely limited to physical factors. Psychological stress has been linked to increased levels of anxiety, depression, and hostility, all of which can further impact heart health. These mental health conditions can lead to unhealthy behaviors, poor adherence to medical treatment, and increased inflammation in the body, all of which can exacerbate heart-related issues.

To mitigate the detrimental effects of stress on the heart, it is essential to adopt effective stress management techniques. Engaging in regular physical activity, practicing relaxation techniques such as deep breathing exercises or meditation, maintaining a healthy diet, and getting adequate sleep are all beneficial in reducing stress levels and protecting heart health (7).

Stress on joints

The effects of stress on the joint are better explained by studying the effects of stress on shoulders and the neck. These are two joints in the body commonly affected by stress.

One of the primary effects of stress on shoulders is the development of muscle tension and tightness. When we feel stressed, our bodies naturally prepare for action, resulting in the contraction of muscles. This can lead to chronic muscle tension in the shoulders, causing stiffness, discomfort, and even pain. Prolonged muscle tension can further contribute to poor posture and restricted range of motion in the shoulders, exacerbating physical discomfort.

To mitigate the effects of stress on shoulders, it is essential to incorporate stress management techniques into daily life. Regular exercise, such as stretching and strengthening exercises specifically targeting the shoulders, can help alleviate muscle tension and promote better posture. Engaging in relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing exercises or mindfulness meditation, can also help reduce overall stress levels and promote relaxation in the shoulder area (8).

Stress on skin

Interesting manifestations of stress on the body include the appearance of stress welts on the skin and stress dyshidrotic eczema.

a) Stress welts

These welts, also known as stress hives or stress rashes, can be a visible sign of the body’s response to stress and can vary in size, shape, and severity.

Stress welts, or urticaria, are an allergic reaction that occurs as a result of stress. When we experience stress, our bodies release stress hormones like cortisol, which can trigger a cascade of physiological responses. This includes the release of histamine, a chemical that causes blood vessels to leak fluid, resulting in characteristic welts or raised patches on the skin.

The appearance of stress welts can vary from person to person. Some individuals may develop small, itchy bumps, while others may experience larger welts that are accompanied by redness and swelling. These welts can appear suddenly and may change in size and shape over time. They can also be accompanied by itching, burning, or stinging sensations, adding to the overall discomfort.

Managing stress welts involves a multi-faceted approach. First and foremost, it is crucial to identify and address the sources of stress in one’s life. This can involve making lifestyle changes, practicing stress management techniques such as meditation or yoga, seeking support from loved ones or professionals, and adopting healthy coping mechanisms.

Additionally, certain topical treatments can provide relief from the discomfort associated with stress welts. Over-the-counter antihistamines or anti-itch creams can help reduce itching and inflammation. Applying cold compresses or taking soothing baths with colloidal oatmeal can also provide relief and promote skin healing (9).

b) Stress dyshidrotic eczema

Dyshidrotic eczema, also known as pompholyx or dyshidrosis, is a skin condition characterized by the development of small, itchy blisters on the hands and feet. While the exact cause of dyshidrotic eczema is not fully understood, stress has been identified as a significant factor in triggering and exacerbating this condition.

The relationship between stress and dyshidrotic eczema is complex and multifaceted. Stress can weaken the immune system, making the skin more susceptible to inflammatory responses and allergic reactions. Additionally, stress can impair the skin’s barrier function, allowing irritants to penetrate more easily and trigger eczema flare-ups.

Managing stress is crucial in the management of stress dyshidrotic eczema. While it may not be possible to eliminate stress from our lives, some strategies can help mitigate its impact on our skin. Adopting stress management techniques, such as deep breathing exercises, meditation, and engaging in activities that promote relaxation, can help reduce stress levels and potentially prevent or minimize eczema flare-ups.

It is important to consult with a dermatologist or healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and personalized treatment plan for stress dyshidrotic eczema. They can guide managing stress, recommend suitable skincare products, and prescribe appropriate medications if needed (10,11).

Stress on the urinary system

Stress in the urological system of man can manifest in various ways and one of the common manifestations is frequent urinary tract infections. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common bacterial infections that can affect various parts of the urinary system, including the bladder, urethra, and kidneys. While bacteria are the primary cause of UTIs, research suggests that stress can play a significant role in both the development and recurrence of these infections.

Stress is a natural response to challenging situations, but when experienced chronically or intensely, it can have a profound impact on our physical health. One area where stress can affect our body is the immune system. When we are stressed, our immune system may not function optimally, making us more susceptible to infections, including UTIs, and in such cases, they are referred to as stress UTIs.

When it comes to recurrent UTIs, stress can be a significant factor. Chronic stress can weaken the immune system over time, making it harder for the body to fight off recurring infections. Additionally, stress can disrupt the balance of the gut microbiota, which plays a role in maintaining urinary tract health. Imbalances in the gut microbiota can increase the risk of UTIs and contribute to their recurrence.

Managing stress is crucial in reducing the risk of stress UTIs and their recurrence. Incorporating stress management techniques into daily life can have a positive impact on overall well-being and urinary tract health. Strategies such as exercise, mindfulness meditation, deep breathing exercises, and engaging in hobbies or activities that promote relaxation can help reduce stress levels.

Furthermore, practicing good hygiene habits, such as wiping front to back after using the toilet, staying well-hydrated, and urinating before and after sexual activity, can help prevent UTIs. It is also important to seek prompt medical attention if UTI symptoms arise, as early diagnosis and treatment can prevent the infection from spreading and causing complications (12).

Yeast infection

Recurrent yeast infection resulting from chronic stress is otherwise called a stress yeast infection. Yeast infections, also known as candidiasis, are fungal infections that commonly affect the genital area, mouth, throat, or skin folds. While yeast infections are primarily caused by an overgrowth of the fungus Candida albicans, stress can play a significant role in both triggering and exacerbating these infections.

Stress is a natural response to demanding situations, but when experienced chronically or intensely, it can have detrimental effects on our physical health. One area where stress can impact our body is the immune system. When we are under stress, our immune response may be compromised, making us more susceptible to infections, including yeast infections.

Stress can weaken the immune system by altering the balance of hormones and neurotransmitters in the body. This hormonal imbalance can disrupt the natural defense mechanisms that keep the Candida fungus in check. As a result, the overgrowth of yeast can occur, leading to the development of a yeast infection.

Good hygiene practices, such as wearing breathable underwear, avoiding douches or scented products in the genital area, and practicing proper vaginal care, can also aid in preventing yeast infections. Maintaining a healthy gut by consuming probiotic-rich foods or supplements can promote a balanced microbiota and reduce the risk of fungal overgrowth.

If experiencing symptoms of a stress yeast infection, it is important to seek medical advice for proper diagnosis and treatment. Over-the-counter antifungal medications are commonly available, but in some cases, prescription medications may be necessary to address more severe or recurrent infections (13).

Effects of Stress on Menstruation

Stress, whether it is caused by emotional or physical factors, can disrupt the delicate hormonal balance in the body. When we are under stress, our bodies release stress hormones such as cortisol and adrenaline, which can interfere with the normal functioning of the reproductive system.

One common effect of stress on menstrual cycles is a delay in the onset of periods. Stress delaying periods occur as a result of high levels of stress which can disrupt the normal release of hormones that regulate the menstrual cycle, particularly the hormones responsible for ovulation. As a result, the menstrual cycle may become irregular, causing a delay in the start of menstruation.

Furthermore, stress can also lead to changes in the duration and intensity of menstrual flow. Some women may experience heavier or lighter periods than usual, while others may have irregular spotting throughout their cycle. These variations are believed to be influenced by the impact of stress on hormonal fluctuations.

If you experience significant changes or irregularities in your menstrual cycle that are causing concern, it is advisable to consult with a healthcare professional. They can provide guidance, perform necessary evaluations, and offer appropriate treatment options if needed (14).

Prevention Of Stress

Here are effective strategies to help prevent stress:

• Practice mindfulness
• Prioritize self-care
• Establish boundaries
• Time management
• Maintain healthy relationships
• Engage in self-relieving activities
• Seek help when needed (1).

Conclusion

Stress is a medical condition that is characterized by a range of different symptoms. It is considered a symptom of stress when individuals experience physical and emotional tension in response to a stressful event. Stress can cause a range of physical and emotional symptoms and may negatively affect an individual’s ability to function properly. Some of the common stress symptoms include high blood pressure, physical symptoms such as headaches, difficulty sleeping, and digestive problems.

Stress is a physiological response caused by the activation of the autonomic nervous system through the fight-or-flight response. While stress may be a normal response to certain situations, chronic stress can cause serious health problems. If left untreated, chronic stress can lead to heart disease, stroke, depression, and other chronic medical conditions. Therefore, it is essential that individuals seek medical assistance if they experience prolonged stress symptoms.

References:

1. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/11874-stress
2. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/145855#types
3. https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-the-diathesis-stress-model-6454943
4. https://www.tutor2u.net/hsc/reference/stress-diathesis-model#:~:text=The+stress%2Ddiathesis+model+is,by+the+stress%2Ddiathesis+model.
5. https://www.webmd.com/balance/guide/causes-of-stress
6. https://psychcentral.com/stress/what-causes-stress#cause-of-stress
7. https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/healthy-lifestyle/stress-management/stress-and-heart-health
8. https://www.eliteorthopaedic.com/blog/can-stress-cause-shoulder-pain
9. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/317631#_noHeaderPrefixedContent
10. https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/eczema/types/dyshidrotic-eczema/causes#:~:text=Stress+or+weather+can+trigger,appear+until+their+stress+lessens.
11. https://balmonds.co.uk/blogs/blog/how-does-stress-cause-dyshidrotic-eczema
12. https://www.healthline.com/health/urinary-tract-infection-adults/can-stress-cause-a-uti#When-to-talk-with-a-healthcare-professional
13. https://www.healthline.com/health/can-stress-cause-yeast-infection
14. https://health.clevelandclinic.org/can-stress-cause-you-to-skip-a-period/